@ २२ जुलै @* *अप्रॉक्झिमेट डे*

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 *@ २२ जुलै @*

*अप्रॉक्झिमेट डे*


आज 'पाय्' (π) अप्रॉक्झिमेट डे साजरा केला जातो. कारण हा दिवस २२/७ अपूर्णाक सुचवतो.

दहावी पर्यंतच्या गणिताची ओळख असणाऱ्या सर्वानाच ‘पाय्’ म्हणजे π ही संज्ञा नवीन नाही. वर्तुळाचा व्यास वा त्रिज्येवरून वर्तुळाचे परिघ व क्षेत्र काढण्यासाठी या संज्ञेचा वापर केला जातो. आज २२ जुलै. म्हणजेच वेगळ्या स्वरूपात ही तारीख लिहायची झाली तर २२/७ अशी लिहितात. या संख्येला गणिती भाषेत ‘पाय्’ असे म्हणतात. ‘पाय्’ (π) च्या मूल्याच्या आधारावरून अनेक सिद्धांत व प्रमेयं गणित विश्वात प्रचलित आहेत. परंतु π चे खरं मूल्य अजूनही कोणाला ओळखता आलेलं नाही. ‘पाय्’ (π) अप्रॉक्झिमेट डे साजरा केला जातो. कारण हा दिवस २२/७ अपूर्णाक सुचवतो. π ही संख्या ३.१४ अशीही दशांश स्वरूपात मांडली जाते. असं म्हणतात की, याचा आणखी एक योगायोग असा आहे की, याच दिवशी आर्किमिडिजचा जन्मदिवस आहे, ज्याने π ची अचूक किंमत शोधली. 


ग्रीक मूळाक्षरातील ‘प्’ साठी वापरात असलेली ही संज्ञा आता जवळ जवळ अंक म्हणूनच ओळखली जात आहे. या अंकाचे मूळ शोधणे तितकेसे कठिण नाही. पुरातन काळच्या इजिप्त, भारत, बॅबिलोनिया व ग्रीक येथील भूमितीचे जाणकार कुठल्याही वर्तुळाचा परिघ व त्याचे व्यास यातील गुणोत्तर स्थिर असते असे ढोबळमानाने ओळखत होते. काही इतिहासकारांच्या मते ग्रीक येथील आर्किमिडिज यांनी π चे मूल्य शोधण्यासाठी परिघ व्यास गुणोत्तरा ऐवजी वेगळी पद्धत वापरली. म्हणूनच याला ‘आर्किमिडिज स्थिरांक’ असे सुद्धा म्हटले जाते. सूर्या सारख्या प्रचंड आकाराच्या ग्रहापासून ते अगदी बोटात मावणाऱ्या अंगठीसारख्या बारीक सारीक वर्तुळाकार वस्तूंचे परिघ किंवा क्षेत्र मोजण्यासाठी हे एकमेव गुणोत्तर असून त्याचे मूल्य सुमारे ३.१४ (२२/७) आहे हे जगन्मान्य झालेले आहे. यावरून वर्तुळाचा परिघ त्याच्या व्यासाच्या तिप्पटीपेक्षा थोडासा जास्त असतो हे लक्षात येते. 



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